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Design a Chess Game is a hard low-level design interview question covering low level design, object oriented design, design patterns, state machine, class design — the kind asked at FAANG (Facebook/Meta, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google) and AI-first companies like Anthropic, OpenAI, and Nvidia.
Design a chess engine core for two human players. Support the full rules: all piece movement, castling, en passant, promotion, check, checkmate and stalemate, plus takeback and the draw rules for threefold repetition and fifty moves. The board is standard 8x8. A search engine is not required now, but the design should not make one impossible later. The user interface and the clock are out of scope.
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